acute renal failure

it is asyndrome characterized by rapid deterioration of renal function due to accumulation of waste product .

its causes 

A-pre-renal causes

-absolute decrease in blood volume 

-decrease in renal blood flow

arterial occlusion -
 B-renal causes
-vascular causes
-golmerular causes
-tubular injury
-tubulointerstitial causes
C-post-renal causes
-obstruction of the ureter
-venous occlusion
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
A-oliguric stage
-oliguria or anuria
-edema
-anorexia and vomiting
heart burn 

-dyspnea
productive cough
-thirst
-manifestation of hyperkalemia
B-polyuric stage 

C-recovery stage

ITS PROGNOSIS
A-good prognosis with complete recovery
B-prognosis to  chronic renal failure

C- death from complication
INVESTIGATION
A-urine analysis
B-kidney function tests
C-serum electrolyte and trace elements
D-plain x-ray on U.T for stones and calcification
E-abdominal U.S
F-angiography 

H-kidney biopsy
THE COMPLICATION 

A-progress to chronic renal failure 

.B-cardio-vascular complication as arrhythmia .hypertension. pericarditis

C-respiratory complication as plumonary edema . plumonary embolism. pneumonia 

D-C.N.S complication as coma .convulsion .cerebral hemorrhage 

E- electrolyte disturbance
F-GIT complication asgastritis .ulcer.bleeding
H-hematological complication as anemia
TREATMENT 

general treatment 

specific treatment
-fluid restriction 

-salt restriction

protein restriction
-carbohydrate intake
-forced diuresis
-treatment of hyperkalamia 

treatment of acidosis 

treatment of hyperphpsohataemia 

dialysis
see the pictures